Hedge accounting belongs to the most difficult accounting areas and I published a few articles on this topic on IFRSbox – for example, here and here.
Today, I’m delighted to present another hedging article written by Mr. Kevin Mitchel,Partner – Advisory Services at Rochford, the leading treasury advisory house in Australia advising on in excess of AU$20 billion in financial market risk.
Kevin clarifies a totally new concept of rebalancing. I added my example in the end. Enjoy!
Key terms
IFRS 9 introduces a new concept called ‘Rebalancing’ that did not form part of IAS 39. The purpose of this technical update is to delve a little deeper into what rebalancing means, with some practical examples included.
Let’s start with a re-cap of some key terms to be used in this article:
- Hedged item – an asset or liability with underlying exposure to market risks
- Hedging instrument – the financial instrument used to hedge the exposure risk (hedged item) with offsetting movements in either fair value or cash flows
- Hedge ratio – the ratio between the amount of hedge item and the amount of hedging instrument in terms of their relative weighting (in a one-to-one relationship expressed as 1:1)
- Basis risk – basis risk is the chance that the basis will have strengthened or weakened from the time the hedge is implemented to the time when the hedge is removed
What is ‘rebalancing’ and why is it done?
When the economic relationship changes between the hedged item and the hedging instrument due to basis risk, under IFRS 9 you can make adjustments to the hedge ratio on a prospective basis allowing continuation of the hedging relationship.
It is worth emphasizing that basis risk needs to exist between the hedged item and hedging instrument for rebalancing to be relevant.
Rebalancing affects the relative sensitivity between the quantities of hedging instrument and hedged item. Changes to designated quantities of hedged item or of hedged items for a different purpose than adjusting the hedge ratio does not constitute rebalancing.
This is a new concept brought in by the IASB; under IAS 39 if the hedge ratio is altered then the hedging relationship must be discontinued which can result in effectiveness to profit and loss. Therefore, rebalancing is seen as a positive change as it removes the requirement to discontinue and record ineffectiveness.
Refer to my previous article for more detail on the overarching principles of hedge accounting under IFRS 9, but ultimately it is to align the accounting more closely with economic hedging strategies, and this principle is no more evident than in the concept of rebalancing, as explained further below.
How do we do it?
Rebalancing is done by either altering the hedged item or the hedging instrument.
We do this to align accounting with what has happened in the actual basis relationship and also to ensure the effectiveness of the hedge.
An example would be if the hedge ratio used in the actual basis relationship has changed. In practice, risk managers with risk exposures alter and adjust their hedge position when market conditions change.
In some circumstances, the hedge ratio for commercial risk management may be different to the hedge accounting ratio, if, the hedge ratio for risk management would result in ineffectiveness which would then achieve a different accounting result. This would go against the principle of IFRS 9 explained above.
The above example under IAS 39 would require the onerous task of discontinuing that specific hedge relationship and starting a fresh designation relationship.
This would be particularly troublesome in a cash-flow hedge relationship as it would most likely lead to profit and loss volatility. This would be due to the cumulative movements of the derivative having been parked in equity now being transferred to profit and loss with nothing to offset against it, as the highly probable underlying exposure (the hedged item) would not currently be recorded on the balance sheet.
Therefore, IFRS 9 will remove the formal designation and re-designation of hedge relationships in some cases, which has to be seen as a good thing.
It is worth noting that under IFRS 9 the hedge relationship is still required to be discontinued under the following circumstances:
- The risk management objective has changed
- Economic relationship no longer exists
- Credit risk now dominates the relationship
Example 1: ABC Plc
ABC Plc is a manufacturing company with exposure to commodities, primarily input costs of magnesium. To manage this risk of rising magnesium costs they enter into a commodity derivative to hedge the exposure.
There is a strong correlation between the value of the hedged item (the price paid by ABC Plc to their supplier for magnesium) and the magnesium derivative (the hedging instrument), however due to the manufacturing process the magnesium purchased for manufacturing (hedged item) is of a higher value than the derivative, as it is in liquid form, therefore to achieve an optimum offset ABC Plc sets a hedge ratio of 1:0.9 (0.9 hedged item to 1 derivative reflecting the price differential of 10% due to basis risk).
Typically a risk manager will in this instance take out some more cover in the form of an offsetting derivative to true up the position.
Under IFRS 9, ABC Plc can rebalance the hedge ratio to 1:0.8 and designate the offsetting derivative in the hedge relationship, which has an offsetting effect of reducing the ineffectiveness and optimises the offset.
Without rebalancing the extra 10% would be recognised as ineffectiveness volatility in profit and loss as effectiveness would have been tested on the hedge ratio at inception of 1:0.9
IAS 39 does not allow ABC Plc to adjust the quantities that were documented at inception of the hedge relationship and so ABC Ltd would have to discontinue and re-designate a new relationship.
Example 2: Airlines
Kevin has kindly permitted me to add one more example for you, so what follows is actually written by me (Silvia).
A local airline plans to buy 50 000 units of fuel in 6 months. The airline is worried about constantly rising prices of fuel and therefore, it wants to hedge its exposure.
The perfect match would be to get some derivative related to fuel, however, no such a thing is available on the market and therefore, the airline decides to hedge its exposure by getting commodity derivative – futures for crude oil.
Similarly as in the above example, the airline cannot buy 1 unit of crude oil future to hedge 1 unit of fuel.
Why not?
The reason is that crude oil is just one part of fuel’s total composition.
In reality, hedging managers need to examine what’s the best fit to hedge certain exposure. For example, they would perform a regression analysis to find out the correlation between the prices of crude oil and the prices of fuel.
If there is some correlation, well, then crude oil futures can be used to hedge fuel, but certainly not in 1:1 ratio, as there are two different things and there’s no perfect match.
Let’s say that the airlines hedging experts calculated that crude oil trades approximately at 15% discount compared to the fuel prices (a side note – sorry if that’s not true, I just made these numbers up).
As a result, the hedge ratio is set to 0.85:1 and in other words, to hedge 50 000 units of fuel, the airline buys commodity futures for 58 823 (50 000/0.85) units of crude oil (hint: as futures are standardized contract, buying the exact amount would be probably hard).
At the time of hedge inception, the fuel trades for CU 1.90/unit and the futures for crude oil trade for CU 1.615/unit.
After 3 months, the fuel trades for CU 1.95 per unit and the futures trade for CU 1.645 per unit.
Therefore:
- The change in fair value of hedged item (fuel) is 50 000*(1.95-1.90) = CU 2 500,
- The change in fair value of hedging instrument (futures) is 58 823*(1.645-1.615) = CU 1 765
The hedge effectiveness calculated under IAS 39 is 70.65% (1 765/2 500). This is ineffective as it falls outside “80-125% window”. As it’s actually an under-hedge, the full change in fair value of hedging instrument is recognized in other comprehensive income.
Under IAS 39, the airline would need to discontinue the hedging relationship as this hedge is not effective.
Under IFRS 9, the airline needs to rebalance – or change the hedge ratio.
How?
Certainly, it is necessary to buy more futures to hedge the same amount of fuel. For simplicity, we can calculate it as 50 000*1.95/1.645 = 59 271, based on current prices, but again, new regression analysis would be needed.
And that’s it. The hedge is rebalanced and at the next reporting period-end, the airline needs to assess the hedge in new ration of 50 000:59 271, or 0.84:1.
Hint: do not forget to update your hedge documentation!
About the author
His expertise spans end-to-end accounting functions, including financial control, system analytics, hedge accounting, financial statement preparation and treasury operations. This provides an ideal base and position to understand clients’ needs, in order to deliver best practice advice.
Kevin is a fellow of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA 2005) and has completed the Certificate in International Treasury Management with the Association of Corporate Treasurers (ACT).
Download your FREE Checklist here on IFRS 9 Hedge Accounting which contains some key discussion points around the new standard and the changes from the old standard IAS 39.