Updated: 2023 – please scroll below to download the infographics for your future reference, it is free.

When you need to translate your items denominated in foreign currency to your own functional currency, then there’s one little problem:

Is that item monetary or non-monetary?

If you determine the nature of your item incorrectly, it can lead to totally wrong presentation in the financial statements.

It’s not so important when you consolidate and you need to translate some foreign subsidiary to your own presentation currency, right?

Why?
Because, the rules in IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates say that in such a case, you translate all your assets and liabilities by the closing rate. That’s clear.

But when it comes to translating individual items and transactions in your own financial statements to the functional currency, then the rules are more complex.

Let’s take a look.
 

What do the rules say?

For translation of the amounts in foreign currency to your functional currency, the standard IAS 21 states that you should re-calculate all items after initial recognition using exchange rate based on characteristics of the specific item.

More specifically:

  • For all monetary items in foreign currency – use closing exchange rate at the reporting date;
  • For all non-monetary items in foreign currency carried at historical cost – use the historical exchange rate (at the date of transaction – thus, you keep non-monetary asset at historical rate with no recalculation);
  • For all non-monetary items in foreign currency carried at fair value – use the exchange rate at the date when fair value was determined.

The principal question here is:
 

What is monetary and what is non-monetary?

There’s one essential characteristic that makes a difference:

A right to receive or obligation to deliver a fixed or determinable number of units of currency.

 

Monetary vs. non-monetary items

 

All monetary items DO have this feature. All non-monetary items DO NOT have this feature.

Once you apply this rule of thumb, it should be easy to determine what’s monetary and what’s not.

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In the following table, I have summarized various kinds of items with their characteristics for you:

Item Monetary/Non-monetary
Assets
Property, plant and equipment Non-monetary
Intangible assets (including goodwill) Non-monetary
Investments in associates Non-monetary
Equity investments (e.g. shares) Non-monetary – see below
Investments in debt securities Monetary
Net investment in the lease Monetary
Biological assets Non-monetary
Deferred tax asset Monetary – see below
Inventories (including allowances) Non-monetary
Contract assets (IFRS 15) Monetary – see below
Trade receivables (including allowances) Monetary
Other receivables to be settled in cash Monetary
Advances and prepayments It depends – see below
Deposits and bank accounts Monetary
Cash Monetary
Equity and liabilities
Share capital Non-monetary – see below
Other components of equity Non-monetary
Provisions for employee benefits Monetary
Lease liability Monetary
Deferred tax liability Monetary – see below
Bank and other loans Monetary
Accruals Monetary
Contract liabilities (IFRS 15) Non-monetary – see below
Deferred income Non-monetary
Trade payables Monetary
Advances received It depends – see below
Current tax liability Monetary

 
 

As you can see from this table, some items are crystal clear, but some of them are not and further questions arise.
 

Advances paid or received

You need to assess the character and substance of every advance paid or received carefully, because some advances can be monetary and some of them can be non-monetary.

However, I have explained particularly this issue in my article on Accounting for prepayments in foreign currency under IFRS together with the numerical example, so please read there if interested.
 

Deferred taxation

Currently, this is a little bit unclear in the standards.

The standard IAS 12 Income Taxes indirectly indicates that the deferred tax assets and liabilities are monetary items, because it notes that the exchange rate differences on deferred foreign tax liabilities or assets are recognized in the statement of comprehensive income (par. 78).
 

Investments in preference shares

Investments in preference shares are another item that requires our careful judgment.

More specifically, you should assess the rights attaching to the shares.

In fact, both IAS 39 and IFRS 9 say that investments in equity instruments are non-monetary items.

It means that if terms of the preference shares lead to the shares classified as equity instrument, then they are non-monetary.

For example, the share that does NOT specify any mandatory redemption by the issuer at some future date would represent an equity instrument (or at least an equity component of a compound financial instrument).

On the other hand, if terms of the preference shares lead to the shares being classified as a financial liability, then it should be treated as a monetary item.

For example, the share that DOES specify mandatory redemption by the issuer at some future date would represent a liability.
 

Share capital in a foreign currency

Some companies issue their share capital in a foreign currency.

However, neither IAS 21, nor IFRS 9/IAS 39 specify whether the share capital in a foreign currency is monetary or non-monetary item and how to treat the difference.

In practice, the ordinary share capital is viewed as non-monetary item and maintained at the historical rates. The reason is that its retranslation to closing rate does not affect the cash flows of the company.

However, I have experienced the opposite in the past. A few companies treated their foreign currency share capital as a monetary item, but they took foreign exchange differences directly to equity, and not to profit or loss. In this case, total equity is the same as the share capital would have been kept at the historical cost.

Contract assets and contract liabilities

In short, contract assets are monetary and contract liabilities are non-monetary, however exceptions may exist. Please read this article for full explanation with examples.
 

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