After changes in IFRS 9 related to hedge accounting a few years ago, many people remained a bit confused.
IFRS 9 introduced prospective test of the hedge effectiveness.
Does that mean that you do not have to recalculate anything to the past, just look to the future when it comes to hedge effectiveness?
Not at all.
Here’s the specific question from one of my readers:
“Under IFRS 9, we are required to test the hedge effectiveness prospectively and we can use the qualitative methods, for example the critical terms matching.
Does it mean that there’s no need for quantitative retrospective testing of the hedge effectiveness?
Here we are talking about cash flow hedge of forecast transaction and all the critical terms of hedged item and hedging instrument match and the hedge is designated at day one.
I believe that if all terms match then the hedge is 100 % effective always and there is no need for quantitative testing. Is it true?”
Answer: Work both prospectively AND retrospectively
It is true that IFRS 9 introduced some changes into the hedge accounting and one of them was prospective evaluation of the hedge effectiveness.
This means that you need to assess whether you expect that the hedge will be effective in the future – this is why it is prospective, because it’s looking to the future.
But it does not mean that you are never going to look back.
When you enter into the hedging relationship and you want to apply hedge accounting, you need to do 2 things related to the hedge effectiveness:
- Assessing the hedge effectiveness and
- Measuring the hedge ineffectiveness.
OK, so let me explain both of them.
1. Assessing the hedge effectiveness
This is so-called prospective test, because you need to assess whether you expect your hedge to be effective in the future.
So in fact, you are assessing three aspects of the hedge effectiveness:
- There is an economic relationship between the hedged item and the hedging instrument;
- The effect of credit risk does not dominate the value changes rom that economic relationship,
- The appropriate hedge ratio is maintained.
You need to do this:
- At the inception of the hedge,
- At each reporting date, and
- Every time when the circumstances of your hedge change.
How are you going to do that?
There are a few methods, both quantitative and qualitative, for example:
- Critical terms matching – the qualitative method, because you do not perform any calculations.You need to compare the terms of the hedged item with the terms of the hedging instrument, for example maturity dates, the currencies, interest rates, notional amounts, etc.This method is used for simple transactions, like simple forward contracts hedging the forecast transaction.
- Simple scenario analysis method – this is the quantitative method.You simulate various scenarios and analyze how the fair value of your hedged item and hedging instrument change as some other variable changes.
- Linear regression method
- Monte Carlo simulation method
The last 2 methods are quantitative, they require a bit of modelling and simulating and they are used in more complex hedging relationships.
Except for assessing the hedge effectiveness, you need to do the second thing, as I mentioned:
2. Measuring the hedge ineffectiveness
This is done retrospectively, so not at the start or the inception of the hedging relationship.
You apply dollar offset method in most cases.
It means that you need to calculate how the fair value of the hedge item changed over certain period, how the fair value of the hedging instrument moved and based on these movements you can calculate the ineffectiveness.
In the cash flow hedge, you are going to recognize:
- The ineffective part in profit or loss, and
- The effective part in other comprehensive income as a cash flow hedge reserve.
Illustration – assessing the hedge effectiveness vs. measuring hedge ineffectiveness
Imagine you assume to make a sale in 6 months in foreign currency and you want to protect yourself against the foreign currency risk.
Therefore, you enter into the forward contract to sell the foreign currency exactly in the amount of the assumed sale.
This is a typical hedge of the forecast transaction – it is a cash flow hedge.
At the inception, you need to perform the prospective hedge effectiveness assessment.
Are the terms of the forecast transaction – sale and forward contract matching?
Is the maturity date of the forward about the same as the assumed date of the sale?
Is the notional amount of the forward the same as the amount of the assumed sale?
You get the point.
At the beginning, you can’t measure the hedge ineffectiveness yet, because there are no data.
Let’s say that 3 months later, we have the reporting date.
So, you measure that the fair value of the forecast transaction increased by 100 and the fair value of the hedging instrument decreased by 110.
You just measured the hedge ineffectiveness – it is 10 because the fair value change of the forward was by 10 higher than the fair value change of the forecast sale.
And, you book these 10 in profit or loss, and 100 in other comprehensive income.
Plus, on top of that, you still need to assess the hedge effectiveness prospectively – again, compare the critical terms or perform any other method.
Now, finally, let me tackle one more point from the question.
Why is there hedge ineffectiveness if the critical terms match? Notional amounts are the same, maturities are the same… why?
The answer lies, in most cases, in a different credit risk.
Forecast transaction or sale – your hedged item – has no credit risk, because there is no counterparty yet.
But, the forward has the credit risk, because you have counterparty – you need to enter into that forward contract with someone else, like some bank.
Due to difference in credit risk, the fair values of your hedged item and hedging instrument will be different and you will have some ineffectiveness inside your hedging relationship.
Here’s the video summing up the issue:
If you have any comments or questions to this topic, please write me below – thank you!